Dental Plaque
Dental plaque is a sticky, colourless biofilm that forms on the surface of teeth due to the accumulation of bacteria, food particles, and saliva. If not removed through regular brushing and flossing, plaque can lead to tooth decay and gum disease. Over time, plaque hardens into tartar, which requires professional removal. Preventing plaque buildup with good oral hygiene, fluoride toothpaste, and routine dental visits is essential for maintaining healthy teeth and gums.
Tartar
Tartar, also known as calculus, is hardened dental plaque that forms when minerals from saliva combine with plaque deposits. Unlike plaque, tartar cannot be removed by regular brushing and requires professional dental cleaning. Tartar buildup contributes to gum inflammation, periodontal disease, and tooth discoloration. It is typically found along the gumline and between teeth. Regular scaling and polishing help prevent tartar accumulation, ensuring better oral health and fresher breath.
Dental Cleaning
A dental cleaning is a professional procedure performed by a dental hygienist to remove plaque, tartar, and stains from the teeth. It involves scaling (removing hardened deposits) and polishing (smoothing the tooth surface) to prevent bacteria from reattaching. Regular cleanings are essential for preventing gum disease, cavities, and bad breath. Most dentists recommend biannual cleanings, but patients with periodontal issues may require more frequent visits.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis is the mildest form of gum disease, caused by plaque buildup along the gumline. Symptoms include red, swollen, and bleeding gums, especially when brushing or flossing. Unlike advanced gum disease, gingivitis is reversible with good oral hygiene, professional cleanings, and antiseptic mouthwashes. If left untreated, it can progress into periodontitis, leading to bone loss and tooth mobility. Early detection and regular dental care are key to preventing complications.
Periodontitis
Periodontitis is an advanced form of gum disease where infection spreads beyond the gums, affecting the bone and connective tissues supporting the teeth. It can lead to gum recession, tooth loss, and systemic health issues. Common causes include poor oral hygiene, smoking, and genetic factors. Treatment may involve scaling and root planing, antibiotic therapy, and surgical procedures. Managing periodontitis requires ongoing periodontal maintenance and excellent home oral care.
Scaling and Root Planing
Scaling and root planing is a deep cleaning procedure used to treat gum disease by removing plaque and tartar from below the gumline. The procedure involves scaling (removing deposits from tooth surfaces and roots) and planing (smoothing rough areas on the root to prevent bacterial buildup). It helps reduce gum inflammation, encourage gum reattachment, and prevent further bone loss. Patients may experience mild discomfort, but healing leads to improved gum health.
Oral Prophylaxis
Oral prophylaxis is a preventive dental procedure that removes plaque, tartar, and stains to maintain optimal oral health. It is recommended at least twice a year to prevent cavities and gum disease. The procedure includes scaling, polishing, and fluoride application, helping to strengthen enamel and remove bacterial buildup. Regular prophylaxis keeps teeth and gums healthy, ensuring early detection of potential dental issues before they become severe.
Fluoride Treatment
A fluoride treatment is a preventive dental procedure where a concentrated fluoride solution is applied to the teeth. Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel, making it more resistant to decay. It is particularly beneficial for children, patients with a high risk of cavities, and those with sensitivity issues. Fluoride can be found in toothpaste, drinking water, and mouth rinses, but professional treatments provide higher fluoride concentrations for maximum protection.
Dental Sealants
Dental sealants are thin, protective coatings applied to the chewing surfaces of molars and premolars. They act as a barrier, preventing food and bacteria from settling into deep grooves and causing cavities. Sealants are particularly recommended for children and teenagers, but adults with deep fissures can also benefit. They are a painless, cost-effective preventive measure that can protect teeth for several years.
Bad Breath (Halitosis)
Bad breath, or halitosis, is caused by poor oral hygiene, gum disease, dry mouth, and certain foods. It occurs when bacteria break down food particles, producing unpleasant odours. Chronic halitosis can indicate underlying dental or medical issues. Regular brushing, flossing, tongue cleaning, and professional dental cleanings help prevent bad breath. Mouth rinses, drinking water, and sugar-free gum can also reduce bacterial buildup and maintain fresh breath.
Mouth Rinse
A mouth rinse is a liquid oral hygiene product used to freshen breath, reduce bacteria, and strengthen enamel. There are two types: antiseptic mouthwashes (which kill bacteria and prevent plaque buildup) and fluoride rinses (which help protect against cavities). While mouth rinse complements brushing and flossing, it does not replace them. Using an alcohol-free mouthwash is recommended for patients with sensitivity or dry mouth issues.
Gum Recession
Gum recession occurs when gum tissue pulls back, exposing the tooth root. Causes include aggressive brushing, periodontal disease, genetic predisposition, and aging. Receding gums can lead to sensitivity, root decay, and aesthetic concerns. Treatment options include scaling and root planing, gum grafting, and laser therapy. Preventing further recession requires gentle brushing, improved oral hygiene, and regular dental visits.
Dental Hygienist
A dental hygienist is a licensed oral health professional who provides preventive and therapeutic care. Their responsibilities include scaling and polishing teeth, applying fluoride treatments, educating patients on oral hygiene, and assisting with periodontal therapy. Dental hygienists play a crucial role in preventing cavities and gum disease by identifying early signs of oral health issues and providing professional cleanings.
Periodontal Pocket
A periodontal pocket is a space between the tooth and gum that forms due to gum disease. Healthy gums fit snugly around teeth, but infection can cause the gums to pull away, creating deep pockets that trap bacteria. Periodontal pockets over 4mm indicate gum disease progression. Treatment includes scaling and root planing, antimicrobial therapy, and improved oral hygiene to prevent further damage to the supporting bone.
Soft Tissue Management
Soft tissue management refers to non-surgical treatments aimed at maintaining gum health and preventing periodontal disease progression. It includes scaling and root planing, antimicrobial therapy, and regular maintenance cleanings. Patients with gingivitis or early-stage periodontitis benefit from soft tissue management to prevent further gum deterioration. Proper oral hygiene, gentle brushing techniques, and routine check-ups help support healthy gum tissue and reduce the risk of gum recession and bone loss.
Antimicrobial Therapy
Antimicrobial therapy is used in periodontal treatment to reduce harmful bacteria in the gums and periodontal pockets. This therapy includes antiseptic mouth rinses, locally applied antibiotics, and systemic antibiotic prescriptions. It is often combined with scaling and root planing for enhanced effectiveness. Antimicrobial agents help control inflammation, prevent infection, and support gum healing. Patients with persistent gum disease may require ongoing antimicrobial treatments to maintain long-term gum health.
Oral Hygiene Routine
An effective oral hygiene routine consists of daily brushing, flossing, and rinsing with mouthwash to remove plaque and food debris. Using a fluoride toothpaste, brushing twice a day, and flossing at least once a day help prevent cavities and gum disease. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings further support oral health. A customised hygiene routine based on individual needs ensures long-term protection against dental problems.
Electric Toothbrush
An electric toothbrush is a powered device designed to improve plaque removal and gum stimulation compared to manual brushing. Many models feature oscillating, rotating, or sonic vibrations that provide deep cleaning between teeth and along the gumline. Electric toothbrushes are particularly beneficial for patients with limited dexterity, braces, or gum disease. Using an electric toothbrush with a built-in timer ensures proper brushing for the recommended two minutes.
Flossing
Flossing is an essential part of oral hygiene that removes plaque and food particles between teeth and under the gumline, where toothbrushes cannot reach. Regular flossing prevents cavities, gum disease, and bad breath. There are different types of floss, including waxed, unwaxed, tape floss, and water flossers. Daily flossing, combined with proper technique, helps keep gums healthy and reduces the risk of periodontal issues.
Antibiotic Therapy
Antibiotic therapy is sometimes used in periodontal treatment to help eliminate bacterial infections that contribute to gum disease. It can be administered orally, topically (gels or mouth rinses), or directly into periodontal pockets. Common antibiotics include doxycycline, amoxicillin, and metronidazole. While antibiotics alone cannot cure periodontitis, they enhance the effectiveness of scaling and root planing and reduce inflammation, promoting gum healing and bacterial control.
Dental Check-Up
A dental check-up is a routine examination performed by a dentist or hygienist to assess oral health. It includes checking for cavities, gum disease, and other dental issues. X-rays may be taken to detect hidden decay or bone loss. Professional cleanings, fluoride treatments, and oral cancer screenings are also part of a check-up. Most patients should have a dental check-up every six months to maintain optimal oral health.
Oral Cancer Screening
An oral cancer screening is a preventive examination performed by a dentist to detect early signs of oral cancer or precancerous lesions. The exam includes inspecting the lips, tongue, gums, and soft tissues of the mouth for abnormalities such as red or white patches, lumps, or sores that do not heal. Early detection is critical for successful treatment. Patients who smoke, drink alcohol excessively, or have HPV are at higher risk.
Tooth Sensitivity
Tooth sensitivity occurs when dentin (the inner tooth layer) becomes exposed, causing pain or discomfort when consuming hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods. Common causes include gum recession, enamel erosion, aggressive brushing, and cavities. Treatment options include desensitizing toothpaste, fluoride applications, and gum grafting for exposed roots. Avoiding acidic foods, using a soft-bristled toothbrush, and proper oral hygiene help reduce sensitivity over time.
Enamel Erosion
Enamel erosion is the gradual loss of the outer protective layer of teeth, caused by acidic foods, carbonated drinks, excessive brushing, or acid reflux. When enamel wears away, teeth become sensitive, discoloured, and prone to decay. Preventing erosion involves limiting acidic food intake, drinking through a straw, rinsing with water after meals, and using fluoride toothpaste. In advanced cases, treatments like dental bonding or crowns may be needed.
Brushing Technique
Using the correct brushing technique ensures effective plaque removal while protecting gums and enamel. The modified Bass technique, where the toothbrush is held at a 45-degree angle and moved in small circular motions, is widely recommended. Overbrushing or using a hard-bristled brush can lead to gum recession and enamel wear. Brushing for at least two minutes, twice a day, with fluoride toothpaste helps maintain oral health.
Gum Disease
Gum disease, also called periodontal disease, is a bacterial infection of the gums caused by plaque buildup. It progresses from gingivitis (mild inflammation) to periodontitis (severe gum and bone loss). Symptoms include bleeding gums, bad breath, and gum recession. Treatments range from scaling and root planing to surgery. Preventing gum disease requires consistent oral hygiene, regular dental visits, and lifestyle adjustments like quitting smoking.
Plaque Control
Plaque control involves daily brushing, flossing, and professional cleanings to prevent plaque accumulation and maintain healthy teeth and gums. Using an electric toothbrush, interdental brushes, or antimicrobial mouthwash helps remove plaque more effectively. Poor plaque control leads to cavities, gum disease, and tartar buildup. Patients with orthodontic appliances or high-risk factors for decay need enhanced plaque control strategies to prevent oral health issues.
Oral Irrigator
An oral irrigator, also known as a water flosser, uses a pulsating water stream to clean between teeth and along the gumline. It is especially beneficial for patients with braces, dental implants, or periodontal pockets where traditional flossing is difficult. Oral irrigators help remove plaque and bacteria, reducing the risk of gingivitis and bad breath. Regular use, along with brushing, ensures optimal oral hygiene.
Periodontal Maintenance
Periodontal maintenance is a specialised cleaning protocol for patients with a history of gum disease. Unlike regular cleanings, periodontal maintenance involves deep cleaning of periodontal pockets, plaque and tartar removal, and monitoring of gum health. Patients typically require cleanings every 3–4 months to prevent disease recurrence. Proper at-home care and consistent dental visits are crucial for maintaining healthy gums and preventing tooth loss.
Gum Graft
A gum graft is a surgical procedure used to treat gum recession by adding tissue to the affected area. The graft tissue is often taken from the patient’s palate or a donor source. This procedure helps cover exposed roots, reduce sensitivity, and improve gum aesthetics. Gum grafts protect teeth from further recession, decay, and bone loss. Proper post-surgical care ensures successful healing and long-term results.